There are several MANET secure routing protocols which are
based on symmetric key cryptography, (e.g., [28], [29], [30]). These protocols
are based on source routing or distance vector protocols and are unsuitable
for sensor networks. They are too expensive in terms of node state and packet
overhead, and are designed to find and establish routes between any pair of
nodes ??” which is di?®erent from a many-to-one tra?±c pattern dominant in
sensor networks, i.e., a large number of sensor nodes send data to one (or a
small number) of base stations.
Sensor networks have many unique features that make them quite di?®erent
from MANETs. For example, sensor nodes (e.g., Mica2 sensor nodes [35]) have
very limited processing capability, storage, and energy, compared to typical
nodes (e.g., PDAs, laptops) in MANETs. Furthermore, in sensor networks,
the many-to-one communication pattern is dominant. Due to these unique
features of sensor networks, the existing secure routing protocols for MANETs
[25-30] can not be directly applied to sensor networks.
In [13], Wood and Stankovic identify a number of DoS attacks in sensor
networks. Many of these DoS attacks are on sensor network routing. In [3],
Karlof and Wagner describe several security attacks on routing protocols in
sensor networks. They also analyze the possible attacks on several existing
routing protocols, including Directed Di?®usion and LEACH. However, Karlof
417
Xiaojiang Du and Yang Xiao
and Wagner did not present any secure routing protocol for sensor networks
in [3].
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